The powder at the bottom of jars of pulses is usually a combination of starch released from the pulses as they rub against each other, broken pulse fragments, and sometimes, the shed skins of insects that may have infested the pulses. It's generally harmless but can indicate the age or storage conditions of the pulses.
Pulses, such as lentils, beans, and peas, are naturally starchy. During transportation and storage, the pulses rub against each other, causing some of the starch granules on their surface to break off and accumulate as a fine powder. This is a normal occurrence, especially with older pulses. Additionally, small fragments of the pulses themselves can break off due to handling and create more of this powdery residue.
Another contributing factor can be insect activity. Pulses are susceptible to infestation by tiny insects, even after packaging. These insects can lay eggs on the pulses, and as the larvae hatch and feed, they shed their skins. These shed skins, along with insect excrement, can also contribute to the powdery substance at the bottom of the jar. While this isn't ideal, it's often unavoidable, especially with pulses that haven't been treated with pesticides. Thoroughly washing the pulses before cooking will remove most of this residue.
To minimize powder formation and potential insect activity, store pulses in airtight containers in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Adding a bay leaf to the container can also help deter insects.