Chili paste separates during storage because the oil and solids naturally separate over time. This is due to differences in density and the lack of emulsifiers to keep them combined.
Chili paste is typically made from a combination of chili peppers, oil, and other ingredients like garlic, vinegar, and spices. The oil, being less dense than the solid chili particles and other ingredients, tends to rise to the top during storage. This separation is a natural physical process and doesn't necessarily indicate spoilage. Think of it like salad dressing that needs to be shaken before use. The same principle applies here. The oil molecules are hydrophobic (water-repelling) and the solid particles are hydrophilic (water-attracting), leading to their eventual separation. The rate of separation can be influenced by factors such as temperature and the specific ingredients used in the chili paste. Higher temperatures can accelerate the separation process.
To re-combine separated chili paste, simply stir it vigorously before each use. If the separation is extreme, you can also try warming the paste slightly (e.g., in a microwave for a few seconds) to make it easier to mix.