Drop a small piece of dough or batter into the oil — if it rises slowly and bubbles steadily, the oil is at the right temperature.
A reliable way to check frying temperature without a thermometer is the “dough test.” Drop a tiny piece of dough or batter into the oil. If it sinks and shows little to no bubbling, the oil is too cold. If it rises slowly with steady bubbles, it is around 160°C–170°C, which is suitable for most Indian snacks. If it browns immediately or smokes, the oil is too hot and should be cooled before use.
You can also insert the handle of a wooden spoon or chopstick into the oil. If small bubbles form around it steadily, your oil is ready for deep-frying.
Always test the oil before adding your main batch — overheating can ruin both flavor and texture of the food.