White patches on butter are usually caused by fat bloom, a separation and recrystallization of fats, or sometimes by trapped air or moisture. These patches are generally harmless and don't affect the butter's flavor.
The appearance of white patches on butter can be attributed to a few different factors, the most common being fat bloom. Butter is a complex emulsion of fat, water, and milk solids. When the butter experiences temperature fluctuations, the different types of fats within it can separate and recrystallize on the surface. These recrystallized fats appear as white or lighter-colored patches. Another cause can be trapped air or moisture within the butter. These pockets of air or water can reflect light differently, creating the appearance of white spots. Finally, in some cases, the white patches might be due to the butter being improperly churned, leading to uneven distribution of components. However, this is less common with commercially produced butter.
To minimize the occurrence of white patches, store butter in a cool, consistent temperature, ideally in the refrigerator door or a butter dish, away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Avoid repeatedly taking butter in and out of the refrigerator, as this can cause temperature fluctuations that promote fat bloom.